Author: Verónica Savignano

Interviews with plenary speakers of the XIV SBPMat Meeting: Paul Ducheyne.

Posted on Wednesday 8 de July de 2015

They are present in devices used in widely practiced medical procedures with the aim of treating or diagnosing health problems. They become part of the human body, temporarily or permanently, and interact, in a more or less active manner, with the biological system in which they are inserted. Obviously, we are talking about biomaterials. Examples of devices made of biomaterials are quite numerous. We can mention, among many others, stents that release drugs to achieve best results in the opening of arteries that are becoming blocked, and orthopedic implants that promote the regeneration of the bone tissue they are temporarily replacing.

Biomaterials is the subject of the XIV SBPMat Meeting´s plenary lecture that will be given by Paul Ducheyne. In the talk, Ducheyne will address, in particular, two kinds of biomaterials: bioactive ceramics with in situ functionalization, and sol-gel nanoporous materials that delivery drugs and other molecules.

Ducheyne is a Professor of Bioengineering  and of Orthopaedic Surgery Research at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn), United States. He is also Director of the Center for Bioactive Materials and Tissue Engineering, a group of multidisciplinary research that brings together scientists from the Engineering, Dentistry and Medicine Departments at Penn. Besides, Ducheyne is a Special Guest Professor at the University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium, where he obtained his MSc and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering.

Paul Ducheyne is the author or editor of a number of books on biomaterials; in particular, he is editor in chief of “Comprehensive Biomaterials,” a 3,650 paged book divided into six volumes, published in 2011 by Elsevier publisher. Owner of a 58 H index, he has published about 330 scientific papers with more than 10,000 citations – of which some 2,600 belong to his 10 most cited articles. Ducheyne has also authored over 40 patents. In addition, from the 1980s on, he has organized several conferences and symposia in biomaterials.

In 1992, Ducheyne founded the company Orthovita, dedicated to products for treating injured bones and for controlling bleeding, and he was its CEO until 1999. In 2011, the company became part of Stryker Corporation, one of the leaders in the market of technology for medicine.

Paul Ducheyne was Secretary of the European Society for Biomaterials, and President of the US Society for Biomaterials and the International Society for Ceramics in Medicine. Among other awards and distinctions, in 2008 he won the C. William Hall Award of the Society for Biomaterials. Ducheyne was or is still part of the editorial boards of scientific journals in the fields of Biomaterials, Bioceramics, Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering, Orthopedics and Dentistry.

What follows is a mini-interview with this scientist.

SBPMat newsletter: – Could you briefly tell us what led you to devote to research on biomaterials?

Paul Ducheyne: – I was always attracted to medicine. In addition – when I graduated (in the seventies) – I foresaw the decline of the steel industry in the West, and I did not want to be caught into this. Therefore, my radical turning away from the then current materials science.

SBPMat newsletter: – How were you able to merge Materials Science and Biology in your scientific career?

Paul Ducheyne: – It is THE central theme in Biomaterials research.

SBPMat newsletter: – In your opinion, what are your most significant contributions in the field of biomaterials? Please explain them, very briefly, and share references from the resulting articles or books, or comment if these studies have produced patents, products, spin-off companies etc.

Paul Ducheyne: – Most people will know my mechanistic explanation for how synthetic materials (ceramics) stimulate cell function and lead to tissue formation. More recently, my using sol gel processed ceramics for controlled relase of a plethora of drugs and growth factors is also highly regarded. Lastly, I have published papers on a number of subjects (such as bone tissue ingrowth in porous materials, bone cement mechanical behavior, and  titanium biocompatibility) which are highly cited.

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Interviews with plenary speakers of the XIV SBPMat Meeting: Ichiro Takeuchi.

Posted on Friday 3 de July de 2015

The search for the materials that are most suitable for performing certain tasks maybe exists since the dawn of humanity. In this search, on the opposite end to the trial and error method, there is the combinatorial approach, which aims to increase the efficiency of the process of discovering or producing materials. This approach is based on the screening of large amounts of materials with compositions slightly different one another, using databases, rapid synthesis and characterization techniques, simulations, robots and other tools. The combinatorial approach has been applied to the pharmaceutical industry since the 1990s to identify new and useful compounds, and it also has its place in the field of Materials Science and Engineering.

Prof. Ichiro Takeuchi

During the XIV SBPMat Meeting, Professor Ichiro Takeuchi will give a plenary talk on the combinatorial approach to materials discovery – an issue that is part of his daily life. Takeuchi is a Professor of the Materials Science and Engineering Department at the University of Maryland, in the United States, since 1999. In this institution, he leads the Combinatorial Synthesis and Rapid Characterization Center and the Keck Lab for Combinatorial Nanosynthesis/ Multiscale Characterization. He is a Visiting Professor at the Tokyo University of Science since 2010. He is also member of the Executive Committee of the Forum on Industrial & Applied Physics from the American Physical Society (APS). 

Takeuchi graduated with a Degree in Physics in 1987 at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). For four years he worked in Japan at the microelectronics research laboratories of the NEC Corporation, to later return to the United States. In 1996, he earned his Ph.D. at the University of Maryland. Then, he went to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where he stayed until 1999 as a postdoctoral researcher. In 2004, he was the chairman of the Gordon Conference on Combinatorial and High-throughput Materials Science. In 2009, he founded a company dedicated to the development of materials and systems for applications in the field of energy, the Maryland Energy and Sensor Technologies, LLC.

Ichiro Takeuchi was a Visiting Professor at universities in Japan and Germany. He has received awards and distinctions from the National Science Foundation (Career Award), the Office of Naval Research in the US (Young Investigator Program Award) and the University of Maryland, among other institutions. The scientist, whose H index is 40, according to Google Scholar, is the author of over 180 papers, with more than 5,900 citations, and a book on the combinatorial synthesis of materials.

What follows is a brief interview with this plenary speaker.

SBPMat newsletter: – Help us to visualize how the combinatorial research is performed. For instance, choose an example of a material created in your laboratories with this approach, and outline the “step-by-step”.

Synthesis of thin-film combinatorial library: in this example, co-sputtering (a) is used to generate large compositional variation across a 3” wafer (b); such a sample is called a composition spread wafer; the composition variation is mapped on to ternary compositional phase diagram using electron probe (c).

Ichiro Takeuchi: – We do thin film based combinatorial materials research. The goal is to carry out rapid screening of previously unexplored compositional landscape in order to discover new materials with enhanced physical properties. We make wafers or chips where there are large composition variations in deposited thin films. Sometimes the thin films are separated into different pads, and sometimes it is one continuous film with changing composition across the wafer. We want the variation to be as large and diverse as possible, so that we can map large compositional variation in a single experiment. We then take different characterization techniques to carry out rapid screening of various physical properties. For example, right now, we have a project to search for new permanent magnet materials. For this, we use techniques such as scanning SQUID or scanning magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements. These measurements can be used to map magnetic properties of all the compositions on a single wafer. These wafers and chips are called combinatorial libraries. We also do a lot of structural characterization. For this purpose, we often go to synchrotron beamlines. At such locations, because of the large beam flux, we are able to carry out x-ray diffraction of the entire wafer very quickly. Right now, we can scan 200-300 spots in 2 hours.

SBPMat newsletter: – In your opinion, what are your most significant contributions in the field of combinatorial materials science? Please explain them, very briefly, and share references from the resulting articles or books, or comment if these studies have produced patents, products, spin-off companies etc.

Examples of combinatorial libraries of functional materials and visualization of their data: (a) permanent magnet library for systematic investigation of exchange coupling showing magnetic hysteresis loops taken at each spot on the library (from Physical Review B75, 144429 (2007)); (b) ferroelectric library displaying ferroelectric hysteresis loops measured at each spot (from Journal of Materials Research 27, 2691 (2012)); (c) superconductor library with resistance – temperature curves mapped onto the positions where they were measured (from APL Materials 1, 042101 (2013)).

Ichiro Takeuchi: – Over the years, we have carried out combinatorial investigation on a variety of topics in the general field of functional materials. They include superconductors, shape memory alloys, magnetosrictive materials, ferroelectric and dielectric materials to name a few. In carrying out such experiments, we have had to develop and establish techniques to effectively implement the strategies. We have indeed discovered a number of new compounds. For instance, working together with theoretical colleagues, we have found shape memory alloys with long fatigue lives. I have patents on a number of low-loss dielectric materials as well as novel piezoelectric materials. Many groups are now doing follow-on work on a lead-free morphotropic phase boundary piezoelectric material we found a number of years ago. In addition to the materials that were discovered, we have established combinatorial strategies as a technique to rapidly delineate composition-structure-property relationships in different materials systems. We have recently published a comprehensive review article. It is: “Applications of high throughput (combinatorial) methodologies to electronic, magnetic, optical, and energy-related materials,” Journal of Applied Physiscs 113, 231101 (2013) by Martin L. Green, Ichiro Takeuchi, and Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers.

SBPMat newsletter: -If you wish, leave a message or an invitation to your plenary talk to the readers who will attend the XIV SBPMat Meeting.

Ichiro Takeuchi: – The notion of search and discover is central to materials research. The combinatorial methodology is the natural counterpart to the concerted efforts in theoretical design of materials taking place around the world. By effectively coupling theory with high-throughput experimentation, we can really accelerate the rate at which new materials are discovered. I will present a mode of research we call “integrated materials engine” where theory and experiments are woven together and built on a flexible database and data management platform.

Integrated materials discovery engine: we propose coupling of high-throughput combinatorial materials exploration with theoretical investigation. Multiple feedback points between the two tracks ensure that we carry out accelerated exploration effectively.

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XIV SBPMat Meeting received 2,400 abstracts.

Posted on Thursday 2 de July de 2015

With nearly 2400 abstracts submitted, the fourteenth edition of the annual meeting of the Brazilian Materials Research Society (SBPMat) sets a new record in the history of these events.

The term for submitting abstracts was closed on June 15. Until July 10, the authors of the submitted papers will receive their notes of acceptance, rejection or transfer to a different symposium. Abstracts written in Portuguese were refused.

Among the accepted papers, the ones whose authors are undergraduate or graduate students may compete for the Bernhard Gross Award, which will distinguish the best papers in each symposium (one oral presentation and one poster, at most). In order to compete, the authors, after being informed of their approval, must submit an extended abstract, in accordance with the instructions and the model displayed on the site of the event.

This year, the meeting counts with twenty-seven thematic symposia and two workshops, one on nanomanufacturing and the other on organic electronics in the industry, in addition to a symposium entirely organized by students enrolled in the SBPMat University Chapters (UCs).

The UC program at SBPMat was created in March 2014. It mainly aims to gather organized teams of graduate and undergraduate students from scientific and technological fields working in materials area, and officially link them to SBPMat. The activities to be carried out in such program intend to complement the academic development of these students, helping them to organize scientific and technological activities in materials fields, attend events held by the national and international scientific community, and establish exchanges with other UCs unities in the country and abroad.

The XIV SBPMat Meeting will be held in Rio de Janeiro, from September 27 to October 01st, 2015.

About the event

The SBPMat annual meeting is a traditional, international forum, dedicated to recent advances and perspectives on Materials Science and Technology. In the last editions, the event has gathered approximately 1,500 attendees, from the five regions of Brazil and dozens of others countries, for presenting and discussing scientific and technological studies in the field of Materials.  The event also counts with plenary lectures, offered by internationally renowned researchers, and an exhibition of interest for the Materials community.

Featured paper. Nanometric Origami: organized strain of two-dimensional materials

Posted on Wednesday 1 de July de 2015

Paper: Crystal-oriented wrinkles with origami-type junctions in few-layer hexagonal boron nitride. Oliveira, Camilla K.; Gomes, Egleidson F. A.; Prado, Mariana C.; Alencar, Thonimar V.; Nascimento, Regiane; Malard, Leandro M.; Batista, Ronaldo J. C.; de Oliveira, Alan B.; Chacham, Helio; de Paula, Ana M.; Neves, Bernardo R. A. Nano Research. 2015, 8(5): 1680–1688. DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0665-y.

Camilla Oliveira at the atomic force microscope.

Camilla Oliveira was at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), in Brazil, studying samples of hexagonal boron nitrite (hBN) with an atomic force microscope (AFM) within the framework of her doctoral studies in Physics, when one particular aspect of the control samples caught her attention and that of her advisor, Professor Bernardo Neves. After undergoing a heat treatment (annealing), the hBN had gained nanometric wrinkles, arranged in a geometric pattern that seemed to follow some sort of organization.

The researchers decided to study these wrinkles in more detail. They had an important question to answer: was there any relation between the arrangement of the wrinkles and the hBN crystal structure? In other words, did these wrinkles have a crystallographic orientation?  Until that moment, there were no records in scientific literature of crystallographically-oriented wrinkles in two-dimensional materials, but this property could be useful.

The two-dimensional hBN crystal lattice (1 atom high).

Camilla and her advisor joined other scientists from UFMG and the neighbor Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP) in order to carry out that research. The team produced samples composed of a few layers of hBN anchored on a silicon substrate, they heated them at 1,000 degrees Celsius and then cooled them. During this process, the silicon and the boron nitride displayed opposite strain behaviors. Due to the heating, the hBN contracts itself, while the silicon expands, shrinking the hBN. On the other hand, the cooling expands the hBN and shrinks the silicon, folding the boron nitride as origami paper.

After much experimental work using several techniques and approaches, and various simulations, the scientists were able to confirm that the wrinkles were forming in well-defined directions inside the crystal lattice. Analyzing the folding pattern in details, the scientists noticed the triangular-shaped joints by which the wrinkles (usually three of them) met.

AFM images of a 10nm thick hBN flake after the heat treatment, displaying a crystallographically-oriented pattern of wrinkles (left); details of a typical joint (right). The average height of the wrinkles is 10nm.

Detail: as proven by the Brazilian scientists, for the crystallographically-oriented folding patterns to be formed, the heat treatment must consist of rapid heating, followed by slow cooling (for example, citing the rates used in the research, 50 °C per minute to heat, and 8 °C per minute to cool). The wrinkles produced with faster cooling rates are arranged in a disorderly manner, with no crystallographic orientation.

The researchers have also concluded that this type of organized strain could happen, not only to hBN, but to other two-dimensional materials as well, such as graphene, and that it could lead to interesting applications in straintronics – the field of knowledge that studies and explores the capacity of some materials to have their properties deeply changed due to strain processes.

The results of the research were recently published on the scientific journal Nano Research.

“In my opinion, the main contribution of the paper is to present a property that may be shared by many two-dimensional materials: the organized strain, i.e., strain in well-defined crystallographic directions, of a material at the nanoscale”, says Professor Neves, who is the corresponding author of the paper.

The research was funded by the Brazilian agencies Capes, CNPq and Fapemig, and by INCT-Nanocarbono.

SBPMat newsletter. English edition. Year 2, issue 5.

Posted on Monday 8 de June de 2015

 

Brazilian Materials Research Society (SBPMat) newsletter

News update from Brazil for the Materials community

English edition. Year 2, issue 5. 
SBPMat news: XIV Meeting – Rio de Janeiro, Sept 27 to Oct 1, 2015

Program: 7 plenary lectures with worldwide renowned scientists are already confirmed. Know more about the plenary speakers and their lectures.

Abstract submission: Abstract submission deadline extended until June 15th. Here see instructions for authors and submit your abstract.

Bernhard Gross award: Authors who are students can submit extended abstracts to compete for the award for best works (one oral and one poster) of each simposium. More info.

Registrations: The early registration is open until July 31. The value of the registrations includes participation in the event, program book, welcoming reception, and daily coffee breaks. Learn more.

Proceedings: authors of works presented in the meeting will have the possibility to submit papers to peer review for publication in IOP Materials journals. Know more.

Fapesp financial aid: PhDs in the State of São Paulo can apply from 16th to 24th June to request resources to attend the XIV SBPMat Meeting. Know more.

Hosting: A list of hotels is available, with special conditions for participants of the XIV SBPMat Meeting. Here.

Sponsors and exhibitors: 25 companies have already booked their place in the XIV SBPMat Meeting. Contact for exhibitors and other sponsors: rose@metallum.com.br.

Go to the event website.
SBPMat XIV Meeting: interviews with plenary speakers

Professor Ulrike Diebold (UT Wien, Austria) will speak in the XIV SBPMat Meeting about the surfaces of metal oxides. These materials are used for gas monitoring, catalysis, anti-corrosion, energy conversion, pigmentation and many other applications. Using her scanning tunneling microscopes (STM), Diebold investigates, for example, atomic-scale defects in the network of metal oxides. In our interview, she talked about his major contributions in the field of metal oxides and about the power of STM technique for the study of surfaces. She also left a tempting invitation to go to her lecture and shared with us nice STM images. See the interview.

We also interviewed professor Edgar Zanotto (UFSCar, Brazil), whose plenary talk will be about glass-ceramics – materials formed from the crystallization of certain glasses. Since the beginning of his scientific career, Zanotto has been studying the mechanisms of formation of glass-ceramics and developing applications for them. In the XIV SBPMat Meeting, the scientist will talk about past and future, including the development of new glass-ceramics and their use in new products. See the interview.

 
Featured paper

In a study about magnetic properties of nanocrystalline thin films, held at the Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF), in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), a team of scientists used, intensely, broadband electromagnetic resonance, and combined it with other analytical techniques. The conclusions of the study may contribute to the production of magnetic materials for miniaturized devices. The work was reported recently in the Journal of Applied Physics. See our story about the paper.

 
SBPMat´s community people

We interviewed Israel Baumvol, Emeritus Professor of UFRGS (Porto Alegre, Brazil) and creator of the graduate program in materials science and engineering at UCS (Caxias do Sul, Brazil). Baumvol became enchanted with the possible applications of physics at the time of graduation. Throughout his career, he has made significant contributions to the field of materials on various topics. In the interview, when talking about his career, the researcher reported, among other stories, how he began working on materials for microelectronics from an invitation from IBM to apply his knowledge on ion implantation. To our younger readers, Baumvol suggested: follow your hearts, seek changes and get rid of the prejudices about the types of research. “The only distinction is between good or bad quality research”. See our interview with the scientist.

 
Reading tips
  • Alternatives to silicon for miniaturized devices: graphene nanowires synthesized by new route (based on paper from Nature Nanotechnology). Here.
  • At MIT, viruses are used to create materials with relevant applications (TED talk video and other multimedia content). Here.
  • Team of scientists that includes a Brazilian “trains” nanotube composite to perform computational operations (based on paper from Journal of Applied Physics). Here.
 
Events
  • VII Método Rietveld. Fortaleza, CE (Brazil). July, 6 to 10, 2015. Site.
  • Escola de Técnicas de Espalhamento de Raio-X (SAXS) e Neutrons (SANS) para Investigação Estrutural de Materiais e Sistemas Biológicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). July, 6 to 10, 2015. Site.
  • XXVI Escola de Inverno de Física da UFMG. Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). July, 13 to 17, 2015. Site.
  • São Paulo School of Advanced Sciences (ESPCA) on Recent Developments in Synchrotron Radiation. Campinas, SP (Brazil). July, 13 to 24, 2015. Site.
  • Advanced School on Glasses and Glass-Ceramics (G&GC São Carlos). São Carlos, SP (Brazil). August, 1 to 9, 2015. Site.
  • Primeira Conferência de Materiais Celulares (MATCEL 2015). Aveiro (Portugal). September, 7 to 8, 2015. Site.
  • XIV SBPMat Meeting. Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). September 27 to October 1, 2015. Site.
  • 8th International Summit on Organic and Hybrid Solar Cells Stability (ISOS-8). Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). September 29 to October 1, 2015. Site.
  • 13th International Conference on Plasma Based Ion Implantation & Deposition (PBII&D 2015). Buenos Aires (Argentina). October, 5 to 9, 2015. Site.
  • 4th EPNOE International Polysaccharide Conference. Warsaw (Poland). October, 18 to 22, 2015. Site.
  • 10th Ibero-American Workshop on Complex Fluids 2015. Florianópolis, SC (Brazil). October, 25 to 29, 2015. Site.
  • 14th International Union of Materials Research Societies – International Conference on Advanced Materials (IUMRS-ICAM 2015). Jeju (Korea). October, 25 to 29, 2015. Site.
To suggest news, opportunities, events, papers, interviewees or reading recommendations items for inclusion in our newsletter, write to comunicacao@sbpmat.org.br.

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Featured paper: Magnetic thin films for miniaturized devices.

Posted on Friday 5 de June de 2015

Paper: Annealing effects on the microwave linewidth broadening of FeCuNbSiB ferromagnetic films. Alves, M.J.P.; Gonzalez-Chavez, D. E.; Bohn, F.; Sommer, R. L. Journal of Applied Physics. 117, 123913(2015) DOI: 10.1063/1.4915330.

Scheme of the broadband ferromagnetic resonance equipment used in the study. The Kepco source feeds the magnetizing circuit (Helmholtz coils) and the signal is measured with a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The sample is placed on a coplanar waveguide with micrometric dimensions.

A team of scientists from the Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF) and the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) conducted a study on magnetic properties of thin films made of a nanocrystalline material (i.e, formed by nanometric grains) type FINEMET. The conclusions of this scientific research can help produce high quality magnetic materials suitable for use in small-sized devices, such as magnetic random access memories (MRAMs) or nano-oscillators. Results of the study were reported in a recent article in the Journal of Applied Physics.

FINEMET type materials are alloys based on iron (Fe), silicon (Si) and boron (B) with small additions of copper (Cu) and niobium (Nb). They have very good magnetic properties when they are produced by rapid cooling followed by annealing. However, there is not yet an established route that allows obtaining the material having these properties in the form of thin films, which are better suited for miniaturized applications.

In the work of the Brazilian team, magnetic thin films FeCuNbSiB were synthesized at CBPF by scientists from UFRN and CBPF. Samples of the film were analyzed using various techniques such as grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, magnetometry and, in particular, broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). “We explored this technique to the limit,” said Rubem L. Sommer, one of authors of the Journal of Applied Physics paper. “It is powerful and has allowed the study of nanostructured materials with great efficiency,” added the CBPF researcher. Sommer and his team have been contributing to the development of broadband ferromagnetic resonance technique since 2011.

The ferromagnetic resonance technique is used to study the magnetization of the material, measuring the amount of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range that a particular material absorbs. In the conventional version of this technique, explains Sommer, this absorption is measured at a fixed frequency, and the external magnetic field is varied to tune the equipment in resonance. In the microwave range, the frequency may be between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, and 1 Hz equals 1 oscillation per second. “In the case of ferromagnetic resonance broadband, we scan frequency and the external field, making a direct mapping of the material dispersion relation,” explains Sommer.

Typical results of broadband FMR: microwave absorption curve (color) depending on the field and frequency.

Based on the combination of the films analyses obtained by the various techniques, the team of scientists unveiled the mechanisms that are responsible for broadening the ferromagnetic resonance linewidht in the material. “The thinner the resonance line, the higher the quality of the material for applications”, said Sommer. The scientists could conclude that the residual stresses (those who remain in the materials after the elimination of their causes) were causing the enlargement of the resonance linewidth, and that annealing reduced these tensions.

The study reported in the article was funded by Brazilian agencies CNPq and CAPES and was developed mainly in the doctoral research of Marcos Alves held in CBPF and recently defended. The doctoral dissertation of Diego González-Chávez, defended in 2013, was also important for the article, as it allowed the successful development of the broadband FMR technique.

The authors of the article are part of a larger network of collaboration that includes, in addition to researchers from CBPF and UFRN, contributors from PUC-Rio and the federal universities of Santa Maria (UFSM) and Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), says Sommer. “I believe that this work, as well as the performance of a network spread over different institutions is a very positive aspect of the current Brazilian scientific and technological research reality”, he said. The network develops research on nanostructured materials and magnetic devices for use at high frequencies. “Our research has always a double bias: basic research to understand the phenomena and application development,” said Sommer.

Scheme of ferromagnetic resonance equipment used in broadband research. The Kepco source feeds the magnetizing circuit (Helmholtz coils) and the signal is measured with a vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The sample is placed on a coplanar waveguide with micrometric dimensions.

Results typical broadband of FMR: microwave absorption curve (color) depending on the field and frequency.